Material References

References for Hormone Effects on Neurotransmitters 

Estrogen

Increases Serotonin

• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306453021002559?via%3Dihub
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6520586/
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6888666/

Modulates Dopamine

• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4335177/
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006899314008361?via%3Dihub

Progesterone

Increases GABA

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3031054/
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7432434/
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24215796/
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091302217300365?via%3Dihub

Testosterone

Increases Serotonin

• https://www.ima.org.il/FilesUploadPublic/IMAJ/0/54/27288.pdf
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306453021002559?via%3Dihub

Increases Dopamine

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3467168/
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3107928/
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15811352/

DHEA

Increases Dopamine

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2725024/
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6493904/

Increases Norepinephrine

• https://www.jpp.krakow.pl/journal/archive/02_14/pdf/41_02_14_article.pdf
• https://academic.oup.com/endo/article/146/8/3309/2500070?login=false

Neuroprotective vs. Glutamate Excitotoxicity

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC19202/
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2386997/
• https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:NERE.0000013735.50736.0a

Modulates Serotonin

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18585426/
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22508085/
• https://annals-general-psychiatry.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1744-859X-7-S1-S220.pdf

Inhibits GABA

• https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0269881109105836
• https://www.nature.com/articles/npp200846.pdf

Increases Neuronal Plasticity

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4907862/
• https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/car/2020/00000017/00000002/art00004
• https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4020-6854-6_8

Thyroid

Enhances Serotonin

• https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40618-021-01600-w    
• https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/FMCJ/article/view/25684
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15235525/

Cortisol Excess

Modulates Serotonin

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3587664/
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12467090/

Blocks Tryptophan Metabolism into Serotonin

• https://academic.oup.com/ijnp/article/22/5/329/5423589?login=true
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6463810/

Acute Stress Increases Glutamate

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3877736/
• https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00060/full
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3645314/

Cortisol Deficiency

Decreases Epinephrine

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5526346/
• https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10484-009-9082-5
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5635296/

Decreases Serotonin

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2756062/

Increases Norepinephrine when Stressed

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15950390/
• https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.9.1554

Insulin Excess

Decreases Serotonin

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4371978/
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0024320509003312
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0303720711007313
• https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-11870-3_13

Increases Norepinephrine

• https://journals.lww.com/jhypertension/Abstract/2006/01000/Insulin_resistance_and_sympathetic_overactivity_in.21.aspx
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7018048/
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC294454/

Decreases Dopamine

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4371978/
• https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2019.00868/full
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7564566/

References for Neurotransmitter Effects on Hormones

Serotonin

Modulates Thyroid Function

•  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24340635/
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6780370/
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1298871/

Melatonin Precursor

•  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6481276/

Modulates Hypothalamic Activity

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1298871/
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7566509/
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18208678/

GABA

Excess Impedes thyroid function

•  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16527506/
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2484871/

Dopamine

Deficiency Increases Prolactin

• https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1523?rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5816039/

Dopamine Increases Growth Hormone

• https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/64/6/1136/2653249
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6705052/

Dopamine Suppresses TSH

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2784889/
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2882550/

Norepinephrine

Excess: Acute Raises Cortisol

• https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-2826.1999.00337.x
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12044468/
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15720472/

Modulates Hypothalamic Activity

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12044468/
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0899900700004159
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7882157/

Epinephrine Excess

Decreases Insulin Secretion

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8929152/
• https://diabetesjournals.org/diabetes/article/40/9/1194/9353/Effect-of-Epinephrine-on-Pancreatic-cell-and-Cell
• https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/physrev.00008.2017